The effects of parental bereavement in childhood

The aim of this study is to present a general overview of the evidence base in relation to the effects of parental bereavement in childhood. The primary focus is upon research conducted during the past ten years, the available commentary and key theoretical ideas on the topic, notably from Bowlby (1969; 1980), Parkes (1986) and Worden (2003) together with an outline of the contemporary information and guidelines available for those directly involved with this phenomenon, particularly parents and children. An overview of the research suggests that there areconflicting findings, particularly in terms of the nature and extent ofpsychological difficulties, such as depression, that may present inlater life. Two clear messages seem to emerge. Firstly, a significantnumber of studies indicate that further research is needed into theinfluence of variables that potentially mediate, or facilitate, theoutcome for the bereaved child, such as the childs personality traits,family and school factors and other life events. Secondly, thereseems to be a need for more longitudinal studies in this area andstudies which ask similar questions and adopt similar research designand methodology, particularly in the qualitative field, so that usefulcomparisons may be made between different findings. Chapter One Introduction The purpose of this literature review is to explore the evidence basein relation to the effects of parental bereavement in childhood. Theresearch and commentary on this topic is useful in terms of social workpractice because it offers much insight into the experiences and needsof children who have lost a parent. Furthermore, the evidence includesmuch background theoretical material regarding issues of attachment,loss, grief and the making and breaking of affectional bonds forchildren, offering useful insights for those working with children inneed. The death of a parent in childhood, by definition, is oftenpremature and unexpected. It is an event commonly understood tointerfere with the normal process of growing up. As the research andcommentary in this field demonstrates, the childs life is shaken fromits very foundations and the confidence the child has developed thusfar in the world around them and within themselves has effectively beendestroyed (Brown, 1999). This review offers a general overview of thecurrent literature relating to parental death in childhood to include arange of research studies undertaken within the last ten years,commentary by theorists and writers on the topic such as Bowlby (1969;1980) and Parkes (1986) underpinning much of the research and aselection of the advice, information and guidelines available onchildhood bereavement and offered to interested parties such asparents, service providers and the children themselves. This review differs from other reviews on the topic. Firstly, itconstitutes the most recent review of its kind, the latest review beingthat undertaken by Dowdney (2000), at least as far as can be determinedgiven the limitations on time available to search for such reviews.Secondly, this review includes an up-to-date indication of thepractical and accessible guidance and information available tointerested parties on child bereavement which is not present in otherreviews, such as that by Dowdney (2000). The choice of research papersto include in the review was determined by the availability of the fulltext of the articles found and the relevance of the subject studied tothis specific topic. Three further considerations were firstly, thatthe research discussed in detail would be contemporaneous, that iswithin a time span of the past ten years although earlier research isreferred to within the review, where this was adjudged to besufficiently influential and relevant to the issue under discussion. The second rationale, felt by the review author to be important, wasthat the research used would be that which was presented in a coherent,understandable and accessible way. Connected to this was the thirdimportant consideration, in that research material was selectedaccording to its validity and standing within the academic community.This was determined by the extent to which the researchers hadexplained their research design, methodology and analysis and whetherthe material had been cited by other well-established investigators inthe field. Decisions about how the review was to be organised, in terms ofgrouping the material, proved to be quite a difficult task due to thewide range of specific research aims and approaches found within thisfield. It must be stressed that the following four chapters representonly one way in which this material could be organised since there aremany issues and themes which tend to cut across all the studies,defying any rigid categorisation. Nevertheless, having considered allthe material, the chapter contents reflect the major themes to emergefrom the available literature from the past ten years. Two appendicesare included at the end of the review which outline the searchingstrategy used and its outcome, and the major themes emerging from thereview. Chapter Two Models of healthy mourning and the developmental perspective The death of a parent, and indeed any other significant figure, isunderstood as a very stressful experience for children. Worden (2003)notes the considerable controversy over some decades concerning theextent to which children are considered capable of mourning. He citesWolfenstein (1966) who suggested that children could not mourn untilthey have achieved full psychological differentiation within a fullyformed identity occurring at the end of adolescence. Others, hesuggests, such as Furman and colleagues (1974) and John Bowlby (1960),cite the age of capacity for mourning as much younger, at 3 years ofage and 6 months respectively (Worden, 2003). Worden himself assertsthat children do mourn and that the issue is rather that we need tofind a model of mourning that is appropriate for children themselves,rather than trying to fit childrens experiences into an adult model. Parkes (1986) and Worden (2003) have emphasised that mourning thedeath of a significant figure is characterised by a series of tasks tobe undertaken by the bereaved person over a period of time that isessentially unique to each individual. These tasks are summarised byBrown (1999) as accepting the reality of the loss, experiencing thepain of grief, adjusting to a new environment and investing in newrelationships (p.1). Brown (1999) points out that there are manyfactors which influence bereavement for children including their age,level of cognitive understanding and the relationship which they hadwith the person who died (p.18). She describes how these factors willimpact upon the childs emotional and behavioural responses to theirloss. John Bowlby, in his studies of attachment, loss and separation andaccompanying anxiety responses in children, asserted that bereavedchildren who had experienced secure relationships prior to the death,were more likely to achieve a healthy resolution to their loss (1969;1980). Furthermore, in his analysis of childrens responses to thedeath of a parent, Bowlby seems to place the responsibility for ahealthy resolution firmly with the significant adults around thechild. He suggests, for example, that the child is likely to behindered in his or her grieving process because the adults themselvesare often unable to bear the pain of mourning perhaps that of theirown mourning, certainly that of their childs, and especially that ofmourning together (Bowlby, 1980, p.272). Bowlby identified three key stages in the achievement of healthyresolution of childhood grief. Firstly, children need to be givenhonest and open information about the death, and to have theirquestions answered. Secondly, they need to be aware of adultsresponses to the loss and to be actively involved in the ritualssurrounding the death. Thirdly, they need a secure, continuedrelationship with a known and trusted adult (Bowlby, 1969; 1980).Bowlbys observations are given prominence here because they haveunderpinned much of the later work on childhood bereavement. Brown(1999), for example, outlines research evidence which emphasises thatthe most effective way to help bereaved children is to work with thefamily. She notes, also, that children adapting to grief need bothcognitive and emotional understanding of what has happened (Brown,1999, p. 18). Worden (2003) echoes this observation, pointing out thata certain level of cognitive development is required to fullyunderstand and integrate t he concept of death. He cites some of themajor cognitive concepts to be mastered as (1) time, includingforever; (2) transformation; (3) irreversibility; (4) causality; and(5) concrete operation (Worden, 2003, p.160). Worden (2003) describes the Harvard Child Bereavement Study whichhe, along with his colleague, Dr. Silverman, conducted in the early1990s with a total of 70 families, including 125 school-age children,over a two-year period following the death of one parent. Thenon-clinical sample of families was drawn from communities of varyingdemography and compared with a matched control group of non-bereavedfamilies. The researchers interviewed the children and survivingparents with the aim of studying the natural course of bereavementfor the children (Worden, 2003, p.160). Worden lists ten of the keyfindings from this survey study, the first of which is that mostbereaved children (80%) were coping well by the first and secondanniversaries (2003, p.160). The differences between the bereavedchildren (20%) who were not coping well and their control counterpartswere greater at two years than at one year, indicating that there was adelayed effect of the loss on these children, as pointed out by Word en(2003). This finding implies that childrens grief is developmental,fitting with the idea that the quality of childrens grief will changeover time, in line with their increasing mastery of the cognitiveconcepts mentioned earlier. The Harvard Child Bereavement research is cited as significant by anumber of commentators. Monroe (2001), for example, suggested thatthis study is probably the most important research study on childrenand bereavement to date (p.76). Monroe describes how children are aptto return to issues concerning bereavement and loss repeatedly overtime, especially at times of transition in their lives, as theirunderstanding develops and their questions change. Other key findingsfrom the research include the importance of active coping, cohesion andgood, open communication about the dead parent within the families.The most powerful predictor of a childs adjustment to the loss ofparent was stated as the functioning level of the surviving parent.Children with a poorly functioning parent showed more anxiety anddepression as well as sleep and health problems (Worden, 2003,p.161). This observation takes us back to Bowlbys assertion that aprime task in helping a child to overcome difficulties in the gri evingprocess is to provide the surviving parent with a supportiverelationship (1980, p.273), and this is a recurrent theme to which wereturn, especially in Chapter Five. A recent study conducted by Hurd (2004) contrasts with the Harvardresearch in many ways. Hurd employs a qualitative, single case-studyapproach in order to investigate the grief work of a 14-year old girlwhom he names Debbie. He describes his use of the interview method,audio-taping and transcribing all interviews into verbatim texts. Themode of data analysis used was the constant comparison method in whicheach interview session was coded for concepts, categories and majorthemes. Hurd describes his role as an engaged but dispassionatelistener committed to faithfully reporting and explicating (Debbies)bereavement experience and its meaning to her (2004, p.342). Datavalidity was established via interviews with Debbies mother andbrother to confirm factual accuracy. This differs from the surveymethod employed by the Harvard study in that it can produce therichness and complexity of individual experience in a way that theformer cannot. However, on the other hand, its limit to a single stud ycannot offer the kind of general overview of experiences within alarger population that the survey method allows. Recent commentators, such as Jacobs (1999) and Stroebe et al(2001), contribute to an ongoing debate that questions the perceptionof grief reaction as a psychiatric disorder, and therefore as somethingthat can be diagnosed and cured, rather than a natural response to theway that the death of a significant other can change a personsworld. Stroebe et al (2001), for example, have stressed the potentialfor healthy mourning during childhood after a parental death. Hurd,also, acknowledges the work of Bowlby (1980), stating that depressionas an outcome of a childhood bereavement experience was no longerconsidered as inevitable (2004, p.341). He also links this shift withan emergent contemporaneous interest in resilience in the lives ofat-risk children in this field, noting that there is, to date, verylittle research evidence on resilience in parentally bereavedchildren. From his single case study, Hurd concluded that Debbie was a stable andhappy 14 year old who had coped well with the loss of a much-lovedfather without having developed depression or other psychologicaldisorder. He notes the environmental factors deemed by Bowlby (1980)to be crucial for healthy mourning, as outlined above, and that thepositive presence of these in his analysis could help to explainDebbies success in coping. Hurd summarises by suggesting that theinternal and external protective factors were in place for Debbie tobecome a resilient adolescent able to experience healthy mourning andto develop her identity relatively unscathed by the psychological andemotional trauma that often accompanies a major loss (2004, p.351).Hurd ultimately calls for more single-case reports and large populationstudies enrich the knowledge base on resilience and suggest newdirections. Chapter Three Anticipated versus sudden parental death Many commentators have made a distinction between anticipated andsudden death in terms of the nature of grief responses. There seem tobe few studies which focus specifically upon childhood bereavement inthis respect, and where they do so they tend to be situated within thecontext of high-profile, public events such as the violence stemmingfrom the troubles in Northern Ireland, the September 11 attack on theWorld Trade Centre in New York and the genocide in Rwanda. Suchstudies, nevertheless, enhance our understanding of the specific impactof traumatic parental death upon children. Christ (2005) highlightshow the sheer numbers of parentally bereaved children following the 11September 2001 attack in New York prompted a range of novel groupinterventions with children and their surviving parents using ritualsand activities. These initiatives were centred upon the reconciliationprocesses of children at different cognitive and emotional levels,especially in the months following the death. Grace (2005) reviews the research into the relationship betweengrief and trauma responses in children. She notes that whilst earlierinvestigators stressed the need for the child to resolve the symptomsof trauma, where present, prior to being able to process bereavementissues successfully, more recent research suggests that the presenceof symptoms of trauma may not interfere with the childs ability togrieve (Christ, 2005, p.101). She cites evidence from her own workwith families of New York fire fighters who died which showed thatsymptoms associated with bereavement and trauma in children were oftenintertwined, suggesting that the two need to be addressedsimultaneously. Donnelly and Connon (2003) presented the findings from the childbereavement project group for the Social Services Trauma Advisory Panelin Belfast. They note that traumatic bereavement varies in nature andintensity as children grow and can also lead to the development of posttraumatic stress disorder and depression. Their research alsoidentified a number of children who were able to make use of bothsocial support and their internal resources to achieve understandingand cope with their grief without developing overwhelming symptoms orrequiring external interventions. Whilst acknowledging the usefulnessof resilience theory, emphasising the ability of children to cope wellwithout intervention, and other insights from research studies,Donnelly and Connon maintain that our current understanding oftraumatic bereavement underestimates the negative symptoms suffered bychildren (2003, p.3). They suggest that many researchers have reliedon assessing behaviours that do not accurately reflect the true rangeof childrens reactions (2003, p.3). Donnelly and Connon (2003), similarly to previously citedresearchers, acknowledge Bowlbys assertion of the loss of a parent, orprimary care giver, as one of the most influential events in a childslife, requiring radical adjustment to the childs daily routinealongside the establishment, or reinforcement, of a secure relationshipwith a trusted adult (Bowlby, 1980). They highlight the effects oftrauma on children, initial reactions depending upon the childs levelof exposure to the event, varying from hearing about it second-hand towitnessing, or being personally threatened by, the traumatic eventitself. They point out that the impact of trauma upon children can beso strong that emotions and thoughts about the event can remain vividfor years after the event and the threat have passed. Donnelly andConnon cite research by Terr (1991) which postulates traumaticbereavement as a particularly complicated process whereby the normalmourning rituals and social support which facilitate the resolut ion ofnon-traumatic bereavement are often not enough to overcome distresscaused by traumatic loss(2003, p.5). They go on to stress that iftrauma remains unresolved, or isnt fully understood by children, itinterferes with the normal grief process, engenders secondarydifficulties, and increases the period of distress (Donnelly andConnon, 2003, p.5). Many commentators, such as Brown (1999) and Worden (2003), point outthat bereavement is especially difficult when the death was sudden orviolent. The age of the child is important also; Brown (1999) notesthat where death has happened suddenly, many children will recallevents which immediately preceded the death, examining conversationsand their own relationship with the person in great detail (p.28).Brown records the observations of researchers such as Adams (1992), whopointed out that, for young people, a particularly difficult aspect ofa parents sudden death, often overlooked and misunderstood, is thatdeath and grief involve feelings of helplessness and lack of controlthat are exceptionally difficult to cope with when you are at preciselythe stage in your own life when you need to feel powerful and incontrol (1999, p. 28). Some researchers have addressed childhood bereavement within amedical model, emphasising the pathological features of certain griefresponses. Pfeffer (2000), for example, cites many research studieswhich stress how depressive symptoms seem to be the most consistentadverse outcome in bereaved children. He describes one study of 38children in which one-third of them suffered symptoms of majordepressive disorder within the first two months after parental deathfrom such causes as cancer, cardiopulmonary arrest, stroke or accident,and that these depressive symptoms lasted up to 14 months afterparental death in many cases (Pfeffer, 2000, p1). Pfeffer (2000)differentiates between grief following anticipated deaths, from cancer,for example, and grief following unexpected or violent forms ofparental death. Pfeffers study focused upon child survivors of parental death of twoparticular types, cancer (57 families, 64 children) and suicide (11families, 16 children). Children in both samples completed aself-report questionnaire, the Childrens Depression Inventory,described as an established and valid measure, within 18 months of thedeath. The data from both samples was compared using statisticalanalysis methods. Pfeffers findings indicate that althoughchildrens grief after all forms of parental death is characterised bysymptoms of depression, there are additional reactive symptomsfollowing sudden death, particularly suicide. These include severeanxiety, hyper arousal, and intrusive thoughts within the first yearafter parental death and the formation of childrens traumaticexpectations about the world and a sense of worry about personalintegrity and the security of interpersonal relationships(Pfeffer,2000, p.2). Chapter Four Long-term implications and retrospective studies Several researchers have demonstrated the increased risk ofdeveloping psychological and social difficulties in later life forchildren who have lost a parent through death (Weller et al, 1991;Black and Young, 1995). Some researchers have chosen to explore thelong-term consequences of childhood bereavement through conductingretrospective studies of adults, in contrast to those studies,highlighted in Chapters Two and Three, which primarily focus onchildren. Hurd (1999), for example, sought to discover how adults whohad been parentally bereaved in childhood had incorporated theexperience into their lives. Hurd was interested in the adequacy oftwo well-established, and contrasting, theories for explaining howyoung children cope with the death of a parent, and the implicationsfor their future mental health. Was the Freudian theory thatdepression is an inevitable consequence of the childhood bereavementexperience accurate? Or, did Bowlbys thesis of a more positive outcomefrom potentially he althy mourning fit better? Hurd (1999) used Q methodology, making use of both quantitative andqualitative measures, and including factor analysis, to organise andanalyse the subjective experiences of his 43 respondents. He foundthat 19 of the participants described their experiences of seriousdepressive illness at some time during adolescence or adulthood,another 19 recorded having never been depressed and none of them weredepressed at the time of the interview. Hurd concluded that the viewheld by Freudians of later behaviour and affective disorder was notconfirmed by the study (1999, p.31). In contrast, the data analysisconfirmed Bowlbys prediction that children were more likely to resolvetheir grief in healthy ways during childhood, reducing the potentialfor later depression if they have loving relationships with theirparents, if they experience strong emotional support from the survivingparent after the death occurs and are consulted during decision-makingabout the familys future, and if they experience the support ofextended family and others (Hurd, 1999, p.32). Hurd acknowledged the limitations of the study, such as reliance onself-reports by participants and the absence of validity confirmationregarding their childhood experiences and depression. Indications forfuture research include exploration of the role of siblings in thegrieving processes of children and longitudinal studies to explorefurther significant influences over time. Maier and Lachman (2000) observed that few research studies havebeen conducted into the long-term consequences of childhoodexperiences, including parental death, although, where they exist, theytend to focus upon the relationship between early parental death andspecific types of psychopathology in adulthood. Maier and Lachmansapproach is somewhat different from that of Hurd in that they chose tosurvey a large population sample to investigate a wide range offactors. Their study involved telephone interviews with a largesample, described as a national probability sample, of 4242 adults inthe USA. The respondents, aged between 30 and 60, completed aquestionnaire which was subsequently analysed according to measures ofmental health, depression, physical health, social support and natureof parental loss and separation. The research aim was to chart the consequences of early parental lossand separation for health and well-being in mid-life. One finding wasa stronger effect, in terms of mental and physical health anddepression, of parental divorce than for parental death in mid-life(Maier and Lachmann, 2000, p.188). The researchers conclude, in termsof early parental death, that greater autonomy was indicated for men inmid-life whilst depression was a more significant factor for women.However, they state that it is still unclear how parental divorce anddeath may differentially impact men and women (Maier and Lachmann,2000, p.189) and further research is flagged up for this particulararea. Another survey study was carried out by Mack (2001) of similar sizeto that of Maier and Lachmann (2000), using the self-completed reportsfrom 4,341 respondents for the analysis. Mack was also concerned tocompare adults who had experienced parental divorce with those who hadexperienced parental death prior to the age of 19. Mack is critical ofresearch on one-parent families that often has failed to distinguishbetween the effects of different types of family disruption upon adultwell-being. He points out that such research has typically notrecognised the possibility that events such as parental divorce orparental death are diverse experiences that are likely to affectchildren in very different ways (Mack, 2001, p.419). Mack draws on Bowlbys (1980) assertion that parents play animportant role in determining childrens responses to traumaticevents. He also refers to the social learning theory of Bandura (1971)which emphasises that children learn certain responses to stressthrough observation of parents and other significant carers. As Mack(2001) notes, accordingly, parental reactions to stressful events,such as divorce or death of a spouse, are particularly important indetermining how children develop responses to these same events(p.420). Mack suggests that these two theoretical approaches underpinhis own thesis that different types of childhood family disruption willdetermine qualitatively different outcomes for adult well-being. Thevariables used in Macks study to explore this theme were parent/childrelationship quality, self-confidence, depression and childhood familystructure and survey responses were analysed using statistical methods. Mack (2001) found that adults who had experienced early parentaldeath did not report significantly different parent/child relationshipsfrom those raised in intact families, contrasting with the negativeeffect found for parental divorce on parent/child relationships.Consistent with prior research, Macks study found that when comparedto adults who had been raised in intact families, adults whoexperienced parental death report lower levels of self-confidence andhigher levels of depression (2001, p.438). Whilst acknowledging thatnot all bereaved children and their parents necessarily respond in thesame way, Mack nevertheless makes a useful connection between his twokey background theories and the findings from his study. He observesthat regarding parental death, if permanent separations produceattachment-related feelings of despair and children also observe highlevels of parental guilt and sadness, then we should not be surprisedto find that these individuals have low confidence and symp toms ofdepression as adults (2001, p.438). Chapter Five Service Provision An exploration of the available literature on this topic revealsthat there is no shortage of advice and guidance for parentallybereaved children and their families from a wide range of sources.There are a number of accessible books aimed at children to help themunderstand and manage their feelings regarding loss and bereavement,for example, Michael Rosens Sad Book by Michael Rosen (2004),Remembering Mum by Perkins and Morris (1991) and It Isnt Easy byConnolly (1997). There are also books offering advice and support toparents coping with children in the context of bereavement and loss.For example, a book called Coping with Loss for parents by Elliot(1997) covers themes such as how bereavement, loss and change areconnected, how children think about death according to age, how aparents own grief impacts on his or her child and how to support agrieving child. In similar vein, a book by Wells (2003) covers thebroader perspective of children and loss, addressing the impact ofmajor losses, including parental death, as well as disability,ill-health and family traumas and how these affect children atdifferent ages within the family context. Service provision in the UK for children who have been parentallybereaved has been reviewed and researched in recent years and two ofthe key studies will be outlined here. Dowdney and colleagues (1999)sought to identify whether psychiatric difficulties in parentallybereaved children and surviving parents were related to serviceprovision. Using a representative community sample of 45 bereavedfamilies with children aged between 2 and 16 years from two Londonhealth authorities, they conducted a semi-structured interview witheach family. Information was gathered on the death, familial grievingactivities and adjustment of family members after the death togetherwith details of external bereavement support sought, offered andreceived by the family and children. Standardised checklists werecompleted by the parents to assess emotional and behaviouraldisturbance in the children and, for school-age children, by theteachers. Parental mental health was determined through a generalhealth questionn aire and probable psychiatric disorder wasidentified. Dowdney and colleagues found high levels of psychologicaldisturbance in the children and surviving parents during the 3 to 12month period after the death. Boys presented with greater symptomaticbehaviour than girls, particular through aggression and acting out(Dowdney et, al 1999). In terms of service provision for bereavedchildren, this was unrelated to probable psychiatric disturbance inchildren or parents or to parental desire for support and theresearchers concluded by suggesting that given resource limitations,service provision should be targeted at psychologically disturbedchildren or psychiatrically disturbed patients wanting parentingsupport, or both (Dowdney et al, 1999, p.?). It seems clear that Dowdney et als study, like that of Pfeffer (2000)described in Chapter Three above, adopts a medical model, viewing childand family bereavement responses and behaviour in pathological terms.It is interesting to note that they give no reference to the healthymodels of mourning, or natural processes of grief that have beenacknowledged by other authors, such as those outlined in Chapter Two ofthis review. Their focus is firmly upon those parentally bereavedchildren and families whom they have deemed to have shown psychiatricdisturbance and, therefore, service provision is viewed as necessaryonly within this context. A comprehensive survey of UK service provision for childhoodbereavement was carried out more recently by Rolls and Payne (2004).91 known services received postal questionnaires and from theresponses, 8 organisations were selected to be studied as in-depthcollective case studies. Both quantitative and qualitative researchmethods were used to analyse the data. Whilst services had a sharedobjective to help bereaved children, they were found to be very diversein terms of their location, type of services, service organization,management and funding arrangements, staffing types and levels and, toa lesser extent, types and range of interventions offered (Rolls andPayne, 2004, p.320). It was observed that since bereaved children werenot defined as children in need under the Children Act 1989, servicesaimed specifically for them were struggling financially in the face ofuncertain funding sources. It is also the case, however, that underthe present government initiative the Childrens National ServiceFramework standards are currently being defined to support thedelivery of services concerned with enhancing childrens mental healthand well-being. It is envisaged that childhood bereavement serviceswill respond to meet these. The Childhood Bereavement Network (CBN) is an umbrella federation ofservices, established in 1998, working in a variety of settings withbereaved children, their families and caregivers. Having secured threeyears funding from the Community Fund, the CBN aims to improve accessfor bereaved children, their parents and other caregivers throughoutEngland to a wide range of high quality information, guidance andsupport, including counselling (CBN, 2005). Other publicised resources include the charity Winstons Wish,begun in the mid 1990s, which has published a Charter for bereavedchildren. The Charter promotes respect for the rights of bereavedchildren in a number of areas, including bereavement support, theability to express feelings and thoughts associated with grief, toremember the person who has died, to receive information and educationand to have a voice in important decisions affecting their lives(Winstons Wish, 2003). The National Childrens Bureau, awell-established childrens charity, has also published its Guidelinesfor Best Practice for Bereavement Care for children and runs a websitegiving information about services, new initiatives and researchundertaken. Chapter Six Discussion and Conclusion Several themes and issues are raised by this review of the evidencerelating to the effects of parental bereavement in childhood. Firstly,the work of John Bowlby (1969; 1980) on issues of attachment,affectional bonds, loss and bereavement in childhood has clearly beenhighly influential in the research and commentary on this topic. Therewere references to Bowlbys theories in almost all the research sourcescited. Particularly pertinent, it seems, is Bowlbys notion ofhealthy mourning, that successful mourning in children can lead to ahealthy resolution of their loss and need not lead to psychologicaldisturbance in later life. The research studies of Worden (2003) andHurd (2004), cited in Chapter Two, while making use of contrastingmethodological approaches, illustrate this latter point effectively.Secondly, the developmental nature of childrens understanding ofdeath, and ability to cope with the loss of a parent over time, seemsto have been a key message from Wordens research, marking ou tchildrens bereavement as qualitatively different from that of adults. The theme of healthy mourning versus pathological mourningpermeated many research studies. It seems that there are many morestudies that focus on the detrimental psychological outcomes ofchildhood parental bereavement, both in children and in adults, thanthose which study healthy mourning. Studies of the former, notably,use terms such as psychological disturbance and psychiatricdisorder (Dowdney et al, 1999; 2000) and major depressive disorder(Pfeffer, 2000). Other examples of such research relating tochildhood parental death, found through a search on the internet, butnot described in this review, include phrases such as attachmentstyles and personality disorders (Brennan and Shaver, 1998),psychological symptomatology (Thompson et al, 1998) and earlyparental loss and psychiatric illness(Agid et al, 1999). It was muchharder to find research which sought to explore the normal course ofchildhood parental bereavement, with one or two exceptions. Worden(2003), for example, cited in Chapt er Two, found that 80% of thechildren in his study, who had been parentally bereaved, were copingwell by the end of the first and second year after their loss. Itwould seem, as some commentators have noted, that more work is neededinto children who do well after the death of a parent (Brown, 1999,p.28). Dowdney (2000) observes, from her review of the research literature,that there is continued support for the association between parentalloss, childhood disturbance and later psychiatric disorder,particularly depression, borne out by the findings in this review. Shepoints out that the strongest evidence for this tends to come fromretrospective studies of adults with mental health problems. However,many studies have not found this association, for example, Hurd (1999)and Mack (2001) cited in Chapter Four of this review, challenging thevalidity of this link. Dowdney (2000) points out that someresearchers, such as Tennant et al (1980) and Harris et al (1986), andthe study by Mack (2001) described earlier in this review, argue thatchild bereavement alone is unlikely to be associated with adultpsychopathology, including depression. It seems more likely to be thecase that, as Dowdney concludes, it is the factors associated withbereavement, such as the quality of parental care and the presen ce ofother adverse social and economic sequelae following the bereavement,that influence adult outcome (2000, p.819). The research on differences between anticipated and sudden parentaldeath for the bereaved child appears to be a relatively new field ofenquiry with some interesting findings, as outlined in Chapter Three.One of the key issues to emerge in this area is the debate around thedegree to which symptoms of bereavement and trauma are interconnected,as outlined by Christ (2005) and, therefore, whether interventions tohelp severely affected children need to be focused on thesesimultaneously or separately. Comparisons between the findings of the research studies outlined inthis review seem to be fraught with difficulties, largely becausemethodologies, sampling, research questions and design vary widely,making it hard to compare like with like. There are, unsurprisingly,conflicting conclusions, for example, regarding the manifestation ofdepressive illness later in life as a consequence of childhoodbereavement. There seems little doubt that, as Dowdney (2000)suggests, Commonly, bereaved children present with a wide range ofemotional and behavioural symptoms that constitute a non-specificdisturbance (p.827). A small, but significant percentage of thesechildren are likely to be sufficiently distressed to justify referralto specialist services (Dowdney, 2000; Worden, 2003). A number of theresearchers cited have highlighted the need for longitudinal studies toassess more accurately both the nature of childhood parentalbereavement itself and the extent of psychological vulnerability overtime. The qualitative case study undertaken by Hurd (2004) described inChapter Two is one example of research which can provide a rich,in-depth description of the experiences of one young person who hadbeen parentally bereaved. In the absence of large samples of recentlybereaved children, it seems that the development of rigorousqualitative methodology such as this latter study will be useful toprovide a framework for future empirical studies. Finally, the findings of researchers such as Mack (2001) suggestthat it may not be childhood parental bereavement per se that leads toprolonged or future psychological disturbance but any number ofexternal factors that may accompany this particular phenomenon. AsDowdney (2000) suggests, more research is needed to investigate theinfluence of variables that may mediate, or facilitate, the outcome forthe bereaved child. There may be individual child factors such astemperament or disposition, family and school factors and also the manylife events that may follow parental death (Dowdney, 2000, p.828). Agid, O, Shapira, B, Zislin, J and others (1999) Environment andvulnerability to major psychiatric illness: a case control study ofearly parental loss in major depression, bipolar disorder andschizophrenia, Molecular Psychiatry, 4, pp. 163-172 Black, D, Young, B (1995) Bereaved children: risk and preventativeintervention, in Raphael, B, Burrows, G (Eds) Handbook of Studies onPreventative Psychiatry, pp. 225-244, Elsevier, Amsterdam Bowlby, J (1969) Attachment and Loss: Attachment (vol. 1) Basic Books, New York Bowlby, J (1980) Attachment and Loss: Loss, Sadness and Depression (vol. 3) The Hogarth Press, London Brennan, K, Shaver, P (1998) Attachment styles and personalitydisorders: their connections to each other and to parental divorce,parental death and perceptions of parental care-giving, Journal ofPersonality, October 98, 66:5 Brown, E (1999) Loss, Change and Grief, David Fulton Publishers Ltd, London Child Bereavement Network (CBN) (2003), Service Development and BestPractice Guidelines for Bereavement Care for Children (July 2003-June2006), accessed via National Childrens Bureau (NCB) Christ, G (2005) Interventions with bereaved children, in Firth, P,Luff, G, Oliviere, D, Loss, Change and Bereavement in Palliative Care,Chapter 7, pp. 96-115, Open University Press, Maidenhead, Berkshire Connolly, M (1997) It Isnt Easy, Oxford University Press, Oxford Donnelly, P, Connon, G (2003) Traumatic bereavement: the impact onchildren and families, Trauma Advisory Panel of the Eastern Health andSocial Services Board, Belfast, Dowdney, L, Wilson, R, Maughan, B, Allerton, M, Schofield, P, Skuse, D(1999) Psychological disturbance and service provision in parentallybereaved children: prospective case control study, British MedicalJournal, 1999 (319), pp. 354-357 Dowdney, L (2000) Annotation: Childhood Bereavement followingParental Death, Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, Vol.41,No.7, pp.819-830 Elliot, P (1997) Coping with Loss: for parents, Piccadilly Press Ltd, London Hurd, R.C (1999) Adults view their childhood bereavement experiences, Death Studies, Vol.23, pp. 17-41 Hurd, R (2004) Teenager revisits her fathers death duringchildhood: a study in resilience and healthy mourning, Adolescence,Vol. 39, No. 154 Jacobs, S.C (1999) Traumatic grief: Diagnosis, Treatment and Prevention, Bruner Mazel, Philadelphia PA Mack, K (2001) Childhood family disruptions and adult well-being:the differential effects of divorce and parental death, Death Studies,25, pp. 419-443 Maier, E, Lachman, M (2000) Consequences of early parental loss andseparation for health and well-being in mid-life, InternationalJournal of Behavioural Development, 24(2), pp. 183-189 Monroe, B (2001) Children and Bereavement, in Death Dying,Workbook 4, Section 10, pp. 76-88, The Open University, Milton Keynes Parkes, C.M (1986) Bereavement: Studies of Grief in Adult Life (2nd Edition), Penguin, Harmondsworth Perkins, G, Morris, L (1991) Remembering Mum, A C Black, London Pfeffer, C, Karus, D, Siegel, K, Jiang, H (2000) Child Survivors ofparental death from cancer or suicide: Depressive and behaviouraloutcomes, Psycho-Oncology 9: 1-10 Rolls, L, Payne, S (2004) Childhood bereavement services: issues in UK service provision, Mortality, Vol. 9, No.4, pp. 300-328 Rosen, M (2004) Michael Rosens Sad Book, Puffin Books, London Stroebe, M.S, Hansson, R.O, Stroebe, W, Schut, H (Eds) (2001)Handbook of Bereavement Research: Consequences, Coping and Care,American Psychological Association, Washington, DC Thompson, M, Kaslow, N, Kingree, J and others (1998) Psychiatricsymptomatology following parental death in a predominantly minoritysample of children and adolescents, Journal of Clinical ChildPsychology, Vol. 27, No.4, pp. 434-441 Weller, R.A, Weller, E.B, Frist, A, Bowse, B (1991) Depression inrecently bereaved pre-pubertal children, American Journal ofPsychiatry, Vol. 148, pp. 1536-1540 Wells, R (2003) Helping Children Cope with Change and Loss, Sheldon Press, London Winstons Wish (2003), Supporting bereaved children and young people Worden, W.J (2003) Grief Counselling and Grief Therapy, Routledge,London

Basic Points to Help Students Choose the Best Research Paper Topics

Essential Points to Help Students Choose the Best Research Paper TopicsResearch paper subjects are such huge numbers of and it is hard to pick the one that suits your theme well. It very well may be a serious assignment in light of the fact that there are numerous choices accessible to understudies. Understudies get the chance to look over the numerous choices like appraisal and research papers, contextual analyses, contextual investigations with portrayal, exposition audit and the sky is the limit from there. Here are some essential focuses to direct you in picking the best topic.The first point is to know the nature of the subject and the reason for picking the examination paper themes that you need to compose. Recall that exploration paper subjects are not all indistinguishable. There are various components that are incorporated when you need to compose such themes. First thing that you ought to consider is the subject.Quality of the subject is a significant angle. You ought to pi ck the subject as per your advantage. On the off chance that you are keen on a viewpoint, it would be a smart thought to compose an exploration paper on that point. In the event that you have information regarding the matter, it would be better on the off chance that you would set aside effort to compose an exploration paper on that topic.The next factor is the importance of the subject. On the off chance that you are expounding on themes that are firmly identified with your past work, it would be a smart thought to make your point firmly identified with your past work. This is because of the way that the reason for the point must identify with what you as of now have written in your past paper.This will make the perusing of the understudy simpler and it will likewise give the understudy a superior thought of what the theme is about. It is essential to ensure that the points are connected and you can talk about various parts of that theme. The more inquiries that you can pose to whe n composing the point the better it would be.Another thing that you ought to recollect when composing the subject is that the data ought to be passed on in a straightforward manner for the peruser. You ought to maintain a strategic distance from the pointless subtleties however much as could be expected as they will be confounding and exhausting. You can likewise make sure to utilize short sentences, as long as they fit the topic.It is essential to place your key focuses in the title of the paper. Composing the title is regularly alluded to as the introduction. In this paper, you have to put the key focuses toward the start as it will help you in getting to your decision. It is critical to ensure that your key focuses are featured well with the goal that the peruser can without much of a stretch comprehend what you are talking about.A parcel of understudies frequently wrongly put a great deal of data into one paper, which brings about making disarray to the peruser. Utilize extremel y basic words and expressions and spotlight on each point in turn. On the off chance that you do that, the perusers will have the option to comprehend what you are stating.

Transcendentalism Essay Topics

<h1>Transcendentalism Essay Topics</h1><p>Transcendentalism paper points utilize components of reasoning to tackle issues and create arrangements. This methodology is worried about self-improvement and self-comprehension, not with a specific religion or statement of faith. It fuses a profound comprehension of human brain science, feelings, otherworldliness, social association, attitudes, awareness, the human mind, the internal world, and the otherworldly. It centers around finding the shrouded importance of life and seeing life from an alternate purpose of view.</p><p></p><p>It is accepted that specific essential information on history, topography, religion, science, and theory are required to examine points inside and out. The papers should likewise be very much evolved in sentence structure and have a fascinating composing style. You can look over a wide scope of expositions accessible in a wide assortment of subjects. What's more, they hav e an organized structure as well as syntactic rightness. Each paper has its own focus.</p><p></p><p>Transcendentalism exposition themes could be on the hypothesis of the idea of man, the job of acumen, the premise of science, faith in God, strict convictions, and the character of Jesus Christ. You could likewise utilize themes like vocation openings, chipping away at the edge, love, marriage, demise, discovering satisfaction, and the decisions that are accessible to you. There are some visionary papers that give a clarification to things that we underestimate. You could utilize the way of thinking of advancement to help with addresses like where do we originate from? also, how could we get here?</p><p></p><p>Since introspective philosophy places accentuation on self-awareness, it is useful to peruse books by such thinkers as Richard Feynman, and Richard Feynman and Margaret Thatcher. On the off chance that you are not a specialist, you could go to sites that contain assets for additional investigation. You could figure out how to compose an introspective philosophy paper by perusing a wide range of online materials. A few people may think that its simpler to compose from memory and some may decide to have a genuine teacher. You can discover different exercises on the Internet that could show you how to compose an introspective philosophy exposition. A few destinations significantly offer formats to help with the process.</p><p></p><p>Many schools offer seminars on introspective philosophy. One of the main colleges that offers a degree regarding this matter is Harvard University. You could likewise apply for an advanced education from Harvard in the event that you are trying to seek after a propelled degree. This is a famous course since it gives both a solid hypothetical establishment and pragmatic experience.</p><p></p><p>Once you are outfitted with a lot of intros pective philosophy paper themes, the time has come to compose. You have to understand that previously, a hopeful author would for the most part utilize one perspective for one part of a story and another point of view for the other. With all the assets now accessible, you could now mix and contrast.</p><p></p><p>An extraordinary enthusiasm for introspective philosophy is a benefit, however it ought to never be the sole establishment for your composition. Try not to be hesitant to consolidate various perspectives if the point suits you. Remember that composing an introspective philosophy exposition can be enjoyable. You are permitted to expound on any thought you have as long as it is your own.</p>

Essay about Itm 5200 - 1452 Words

Part 1 Part 1: Search the internet for the term IT outsourcing. Find at least two articles that discuss outsourcing, whether beneficial or controversial. Summarize the articles and answer the following questions in a two to three page paper: Outsourcing is the lifeblood of IT. The prevailing theory is that outsourcing saves companies money and enables them to engage a broader pool of IT skills and talent than they could in-house. http://www.itoutsourcinghq.com/ Summary: The above article talks about how IT outsourcing is the most cost-effective way for companies to hire qualified individuals for specific jobs without having to commit to the significant cost or maintaining a year round in house team. IT outsourcing is†¦show more content†¦Given the information and the results from above, the company should lease the equipment for 30 days of use. This will be the cheaper method for the company. In 30 days it would cost $7,200 to lease and $8,900 to buy. Part 3: Draft the s ource selection criteria that you might use for evaluating proposals for providing laptops for all students, faculty, and staff at your college or university or all business professionals in your organization. Use figure 12-5 as a guide. Include at least five criteria, and make the total weights add up to 100. Write a two to three page paper explaining and justifying the criteria you chose and their weights. Laptop computers are fast becoming the computer of choice for people around the world mainly because of its portability. Evaluating which laptop to purchase depends on a variety of factors, like size and weight, processor speeds, the size of the hard drive and how much RAM it has. Some other important considerations to consider include the type of operating system it uses, the projected battery life, and the resolution of the screen. Price is always a determining factor. It is recommended that buyers develop a short list of the best three to five proposals that the project team might use to help create a list of the best three to five proposals.Show MoreRelatedThe A Master s Program For It Management1682 Words   |  7 Pagessimilarities of three case studies. The third chapter consists of only one section: analysis of the questionnaire and interviews. The fourth chapter consists of three sections: findings, conclusions, and recommendations. The first core course, ITM 5000 Information Technology, is very beneficial in supporting the study. Professor Laleh Kalantari covers important topics, such as CRM systems and in-sourcing with the steps of the SDLC. Both topics support the paper because the study is about a

Common App Essay Prompt 2 - An Interactive Way to Make Your Students Think

<h1>Common App Essay Prompt 2 - An Interactive Way to Make Your Students Think</h1><p>Common App article brief 2 is an incredible second application exposition question to consider. To assist you with this inquiry, I'm going to inform you concerning two examples that will make them compose an intriguing exposition with regards to no time at all.</p><p></p><p>The initial one is something you can use from the solace of your own home. You can get this online for nothing. The explanation it's so natural to get is that it's a free asset. At the point when I state free, that doesn't mean there are no limitations or impediments, it just methods there are no compensation dividers or fees.</p><p></p><p>Use the word models that make your application models sound like words. Make them spring up and get your understudies considering these words. Utilizing these words can make your application article brief all the more fascinating . Envision how cool your understudies will be the point at which they consider the to be for instance as utilized by somebody who made your application. At that point you can request that they consider how the author utilized the word example.</p><p></p><p>The second one is a decent method to utilize your own application for a typical application exposition brief. It's called Track Tape Emails, it's an application that will show you how to construct a site for yourself. The extraordinary thing about this is you get a free form to use in your home.</p><p></p><p>Start composing with the models and afterward return to the content to utilize those words. This activity gets your understudies contemplating what you're instructing them to do. When you give your understudies models and words that they don't have any acquaintance with, it gets simpler for them to recollect your prompts.</p><p></p><p>If you truly need to make your understudies consider the words you use in your applications and afterward give them an intuitive method to incorporate it, there's nothing superior to online tests. These intuitive tests are intended to have addresses that make them think. For instance, when the understudy poses an inquiry like 'how old is your grandmother?' they could find that you have given them a number, question or an expression to look up.</p><p></p><p>A smart thought is get some information about the response to this inquiry - 'your grandmother is two or three years more seasoned than you are.' It's certain to make them think. A savvy understudy will have the option to think of a smart response without an excessive amount of trouble.</p><p></p><p>So utilizing application exposition brief 2's, discover those words and models that will assist you with making your application article brief additionally intriguing. Utilize a free online test to support yo u. Feel free to utilize both of these assets to assist you with figuring out how to compose an application paper brief and help your understudies learn too.</p>

Time Management Should Be Taught At Students - 2480 Words

Time Management From preschool to twelfth grade individuals are guided by their teachers and mentors; however, in college most of the work is dependent on themselves. Once a student enters college, they quickly begin to realize that they spend less time in classes then they did in high school. Many students begin to struggle because of this reason because they are so immune to having a mentor guide them and remind them when assignments are due. Professors may do that as well, but once a person hit college they are are now an â€Å"adult† and one should be fully aware to manage his/ her time. Time management does not only have to be used for school work; managing time is important when coordinating daily activities. This bring to the table that time management should be taught to students entering college in order to succeed. Students should adapt management skills because it will help one accomplish his/ her goals and be successful. Primarily, managing time can help one become very successful , and this is a no brainer. Procrastination is a huge issue with most people, and this can be fixed by simply making a schedule on when assignments are due. Marking down future test dates is also very crucial, and making a schedule for test can encourage one to study a week or two in advance to insure total success on the exam. By organizing everything into out by coming up with times on when to do certain tasks, this will help students accomplish everything that needs to be accomplishes.Show MoreRelatedThe Usage Of Class Time During A Physical Education Classroom980 Words   |  4 Pages The class that was taught in the recorded lesson was a kindergarten class, with a class size of about 24 students. This lesson was the beginning of a new unit in chasing, fleeing, and dodging. In the prior units, students learned about spatial awareness, levels, locomotor movement (running, jogging, walking, different directions). 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Refugee Detention-Free-Samples for Students-Myassignmentshelp.com

Question: Disucuss about the Policies of various Countries regarding refugee detention and how this process motivates the citizens of that particular Country. Answer: The morality of mandatory detention The purpose of this article is to stress on the moral sides of mandatory detention and the laws related to this practice. The refugees who seek asylum, they form a subgroup of immigrants and various researches focused on this group of immigrants, found a likewise pattern in respect to citizens attitudes (Opeskin Ghezelbash, 2015). Vigorous researches made it sure that gender, age, education political and socio economic views affect the attitudes towards the immigrants who seek asylum. It is seen that the factual evidences this article portrays, means that the governments are nowadays stressing on these issues and that can bring some level of motivation and confidence among the refugees across the globe seeking protection. It is a fact that there are many negative remarks regarding this issue is made by the people who are of very low educational background, without having proper knowledge of the outside world and from poor socio-economic background (Tay, 2013). Apart from them people from different nations are uniting for the cause of this burning issue that our world is facing nowadays. According to this article, there are a lot of hidden ideologies behind these practices as this has been a problem since the birth of mankind but in todays market this issue has become a lot more serious than ever due to various political unrests in few areas of the globe (Barnes Barnes, 2017). In many countries it is seen that the refugees seeking asylum are living a life in hellish condition as the refugee camps are lacks basic sanitary amenities, the hygiene is poor and the food they receive are of very low nutrition value. Sometimes they get victimized by human traffickers and even by the army or police (Atak, Hudson Nakache, 2017). Women and kids get abused sexually or they are sold to human traffickers at times. In short it can be said that governments barely look at their sufferance in most of the times. It is a fact that, sometimes government looks at this huge refugee camps like a cheap human source and employ them in various works giving them very low wages or no wages. In this article it has been portrayed that the world is changing and the world leaders are looking at these issues more practically and they are investing a lot of time and money to improve the conditions of the political refugees and this article shows clearly that some changes need to be done immediately. These practices need to be stopped immediately for the betterment of the sociopolitical situation of the world and to stop these kinds of practices the world-leaders need to think it through and come up with excellent unique and innovative ideas to deal with this situation. This is a burning issue in todays world that can be a potential threat to the basic rights of man and this need to be stopped immediately (Koleth, 2012). Silverman, S. J., Nethery, A. (2014). Introduction: Understanding Immigration Detention. Understanding Immigration Detention Purpose The purpose of this article is to portray many ideas about mandatory detention can be acquired and those are discussed in the summary. In short it can be said that, the people who are accused of immigration detention are generally imprisoned without any proper investigation to justify whether their detention is justified or not. Impact on people According to this article, the illegal refugees get detained as they fail to meet some administrative criterions, and the immigration detention can be implemented on the individuals of a whole category not considering what circumstances they have gone through (Silverman Nethery, 2014). There is another issue with immigration detainees and that is they do not have any basic idea of how long they have to serve in the prison sells as in some cases, some individuals were seen serving in prison for over a decade (Phillips Spinks, 2013). Generally, two types of individuals are detained due to immigration issues around the globe. The first category is individuals who are noncitizen of a particular nation and they entered the territory of a particular country or they are found to cross the border line to trespass to another country illegally. The latter categories of individuals are someone, who is staying in a particular nation without a valid visa or passport, and after when the investig ations are done they get arrested. In most cases people from these two categories get detained. Changes noticed The focus of this portfolio is also on the changes that can be brought in regarding this issue where the detention of the individuals who seek asylums, as there are some important legal, political, moral and practical issues those the detention of asylum seekers raise (Dastyari, 2015). Asylum seekers are those, who are leaving their own countries due to political unrest or any issues and trying to seek protection from other countries, for an example the citizens of Syria are seeking shelter due to the unrest in their mother land nowadays. In this case it is worth mentioning that, according to 1951 Geneva Convention related to the refugee convention, a refugee is an individual who has been given protection status under Article 1(a) in the Refugee Convention. It is an important issue that, a minor faction of the 42 million people who are living in a refugee like situation in the world, either has official refugee status, or they have access to the UNHCR or a delegate state to seek prot ection. Some of them live in the refugee camps and others survive in the network of the ethnic groups, it is a fact that their life is full of insecurities and some of them have to go to a state where they can gain an official refugee status and a chance to start afresh (Landau Amit, 2014). Hidden ideas From this article, it can be said that there are some hidden intentions of the government of some countries, and those are using this huge manpower at a very cheap rate, or suing them for political purposes, and that is something very wrong as they are seeking help and using them for anyones benefit would be against the ethics. Canetti, D., Snider, K., Pedersen, A., Hall, B. (2017).Threatened or Threatening? How Ideology Shapes Asylum Seekers Immigration Policy Attitudes in Israel and Australia. Retrieved 16 August 2017, from Threatened or Threatening Purpose The purpose of this journal is to portray some serious issues regarding mandatory detention can be found and those are mentioned here. It is been a fact that the laws regarding mandatory detention of the political refugees are unjustified and the impact of these laws are very harmful to the people around the world (Canetti et al., 2017). Impact on people Nowadays looking at the shady sides of these laws, people are generally supporting the refugees and they want them to stay and take protection. In todays world, looking at the global politics and situations, there are innumerable people out there seeking help and protection from various nations as their mother land is war-damaged. Governments sometimes look at the refugees like burdens and sometimes they think that those people would make the population over burdened and the country would lose its normal socio-economic balance (Erakat, 2014). Much needed changes It is also a fact that many among the refugees are highly qualified and can potentially help to develop the condition of the country where they are seeking protection. The government needs to understand that they have lost everything apart from their life and it would be nice to stand beside them and not to throw them to some prison cells or keep them in refugee camps and not doing something for them (Mitropoulos, 2015). It is a fact that looking at the oppressions the refugees face in todays world many countries along with United Kingdom and Australia are taking initiatives in amending the laws related to this issue. Hidden Ideas From this article, it can be said that government officials of various countries look at the flow of political refugees like a source of extra income or scapegoats for varieties of scams. Some politicians and government officials use them for their own good and makes huge money, and if they get caught,, they blame these innocents and these people who have already lost everything goes back behind the bars and this evil process needs to be tamed as this practice can destroy the trust and bond between people (Erakat, 2014). References Atak, I., Hudson, G., Nakache, D. (2017). 'Making Canada's Refugee System Faster and Fairer': Reviewing the Stated Goals and Unintended Consequences of the 2012 Reform. Barnes, T., Barnes, T. (2017).The morality of mandatory detention | The Spectator.The Spectator. Retrieved 16 August 2017, from https://www.spectator.co.uk/2016/08/morality-mandatory-detention/ Canetti, D., Snider, K., Pedersen, A., Hall, B. (2017).Threatened or Threatening? How Ideology Shapes Asylum Seekers Immigration Policy Attitudes in Israel and Australia. Retrieved 16 August 2017, from Christie, Z. (2014).Cognitive function and traumatic brain injury in refugees and asylum-seekers attending mental health services: a preliminary study; and Clinical Research Portfolio(Doctoral dissertation, University of Glasgow). Dastyari, A. (2015). Detention of Australias Asylum Seekers in Nauru: Is Deprivation of Liberty by Any Other Name Just as Unlawful?. Erakat, N. (2014). Palestinian refugees and the Syrian uprising: filling the protection gap during secondary forced displacement.International Journal of Refugee Law,26(4), 581-621. Koleth, E. (2012).Asylum seekers: an update. NSW Parliamentary Library Research Service. Landau, L. B., Amit, R. (2014). Wither policy? Southern African perspectives on understanding law,Refugeepolicy and protection.Journal of Refugee Studies,27(4), 534-552. Mitropoulos, A. (2015). Archipelago of risk: Uncertainty, borders and migration detention systems.New Formations,84(84-85), 163-183. Opeskin, B., Ghezelbash, D. (2015). Australian Refugee Policy and its Impacts on Pacific Island Countries. Phillips, J., Spinks, H. (2013). Immigration detention in Australia.Parliamentary Library,20. Silverman, S. J., Nethery, A. (2014). Introduction: Understanding Immigration Detention. Stats, K. (2015). We Will Decide: Refugee and Asylum Policy During the Howard Era Before Tampa.Australian Studies,7. Tay, R. (2013).Caught in a gap? An examination and human rights assessment of immigration detention laws and practices in South Africa(Doctoral dissertation